Epilepsy and Seizures

Epilepsy:
A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

Seizures:
Sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain that can affect behavior, movements, sensations, or consciousness.

Types of Seizures:
Focal Seizures:
Start in one area of the brain and can be simple (no loss of consciousness) or complex (loss of consciousness).
Generalized Seizures: Affect both hemispheres of the brain; includes tonicclonic (grand mal), absence (petit mal), myoclonic, and atonic seizures.

Symptoms:
Vary by seizure type; may include convulsions, muscle spasms, confusion, loss of awareness, or unusual sensations.

Causes:
Genetic factors, brain injury, infections, tumors, stroke, or developmental disorders.

Diagnosis:
Medical history, neurological exams, EEG (electroencephalogram) to monitor brain activity, and imaging tests (MRI or CT scans) to identify underlying causes.

Treatment Options:
Medications:
Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) to control seizures.
Surgery: For patients with refractory epilepsy who do not respond to medications.
Lifestyle Modifications: Stress management, avoiding triggers, and maintaining a regular sleep schedule.

First Aid for Seizures:
Keep the person safe from injury.
Time the seizure; if it lasts longer than five minutes, seek emergency medical help.
Do not restrain the person or place anything in their mouth.

Prognosis:
Varies widely; many individuals achieve good seizure control with treatment, while others may continue to experience seizures. Ongoing management and support are crucial for quality of life.

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