Dr. Dushanova’s is in Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria. She has research interests are in motor neurophysiology, pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease and in the development of approaches for diagnostics. Her works span human and non-human primate research, computational modeling and simulations. She received her MS degree from Sofia University, Bulgaria, Predoctoral fellow by Prof. Pfurtscheller at Department of Medical Informatics, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Medical Informatics and Neuroinformatics, Technical University Graz, Austria, PhD from Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and studied neurophysiology under Prof. J.P. Donoghue in the Neuroscience Department of Brown University, RI USA. Assoc. Prof. J. Dushanova’s research is in the field of movement disorders and she has been involved in electroencephalography research and practice since 1994.

The brain as a system with gradually decreasing resources by age maximizes its performance by neural networks reorganization for greater efficiency of neuronal oscillations in a given frequency band. Event-related high frequency-band responses, however, have not enough been investigated in the sensory/cognitive mechanisms accompanying aging. Method: The aged effect on the brain electrical activitywas studied in auditory discrimination task (low–frequency and high–frequency tone) at particular cortical locations in beta (β1:12.5–20; β2:20.5–30 Hz) and gamma frequency bands (γ1:30.5–49; γ2:52–70 Hz) during sensory (post–stimulus interval 0–250 ms) and cognitive processing (250–600ms). Results: The beta1 activity less affected by age (only at temporal and parietal area) during sensory processing. The reduced beta1 was more widespread during cognitive processing. This difference increased in fronto–parietal direction more expressed after a high-frequency tone. Beta2 and gamma activity are more pronounced with a progressive age during sensory processing. They reduced by age on cognitive processes. Reducing regional-process specificity with progressing age characterized age-related and tone-dependent beta2 changes during sensory processing. Only the elderly showed higher frontal gamma1 activity during sensory processing. The centres of gamma2 shifted from posterior to anterior brain regions with advancing age. Conclusion: With increasing age, the frontal brain areas become more sensitive to high-tone discrimination and hand reaction choice. The aged influence was higher on the cognitive processes than on the perceptual ones.

Ewelina Bratek, is a student at Department of Neurochemistry at Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Poland

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is an abnormal neurobehavioral state which results fromimpaired cerebral blood flow at the time around birth. This condition may cause neonatal death or be manifested later as cerebral palsy or mental deficiency. Recent investigations have not provided us with promising neuroprotective compounds to reduce perinatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. It was shownrecentlythat mGluR2/3 activation before or after ischemic insult results in neuroprotection but the exact mechanism of this effect is not clear. The aim of present study was to investigate whether mGluR2/3 activation after hypoxia-ischemia reduces brain damage and if the activation of antioxidant enzymes and decrease of oxidative stress participate in observed effects.We used an animal model of hipoxia-ischemia (H-I) on 7-day old rat pups. Animals were anesthetized and the left common carotid artery was isolated and double – ligated and then cut between the ligatures. After completion of the surgical procedure the pups were subjected to hypoxia(7.2% -7.4% oxygen in nitrogen for 75 min at 35 ˚C). Control pups were sham-operated (anaesthetized and left c.c.a. dissected, but not ligated). Animals were injected intra peritoneal with specific mGluR2 (LY 379268) and mGluR3 (NAAG) agonists 1 h or 6 h after H-I (5 mg/kg of body weight). Weight deficit of the ischemic brain hemisphere, radical oxygen species (ROS) content, activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase - SOD, Glutatione peroxidase - GPx, catalase - CAT) and level of reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured. Our results show a neuroprotective effect of mGluR 2/3 agonists. Both agonists applied decreased brain tissue weight loss in ischemic hemisphere independently on the time of application (from 40% in H-I to 15 - 20% in treated).Our results show that both mGluR2/3 antagonists reduce ROS level in the injured hemisphere.H-I resulted inincreased activity of SOD in the injured hemisphere, whichwasreduced by mGluR2/3 agonists application 1h or 6 h after H-I. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) was also increased by H-I and its activity was decreased by both agonists. The decrease of GSH level observed in ischemic hemisphere was not observed after agonists application, the effect was better expressed when agonists were administered 1 h after H-I. Application of agonists resulted also in decrease in CATactivity. Conclusions The results show that activation of mGluR2 and mGluR3 in a short time after H-I insult triggered neuroprotective mechanisms, which probably partly engage defence against oxidative stress and ROS production. The effect is more distinct when agonists are applied in a short time after H-I This work was made under MMRC-KNOW 2013-2017 project.

Ji You is a Faculty member at University of Ulsan, South Korea.

Cerebral infarction brings many psychiatric illness. Poststroke depression(PSD) is very common situation. PSD can have a bad influence on rehabilitation. Of course PSD could influence to cognitive function. But there are few study about that. So we decide to check the PSD prevalence, quality of life and cognitive function simultaneously. Method: We select 92 patients with acute stroke. We performed MRS(modified Rankin scale) K-BDI (Korea-Beck depression inventory), NIHSS, and MMSE (mini mental state examination) and stroke specific quality of life scale at acute phase, 4 week and 12 weeks later. We exclude depression patient before stroke. Result: K-BDI were not changed significantly in baseline, 4week, and 12 weeks later. But MRS and NIHSS decreased significantly (p<0.0001). PSD is detected 60% like other studies. K-BDI is not improved even 12 weeks. But NIHSS and MRS is improved. Conclusion: The stroke patient showed physical improvement. But they felt depression still after 12 week. That means emotional support is also important to the stroke patient. Clinicians must focus on the stroke patient emotional status. And cognitive function also checked simultaneously.

Dr. Liang Gong, PhD, First Military Medical University, Guangzhous, P.R. China. His research includes; Synaptic transmission is mediated by fusion of synaptic vesicles with presynaptic plasma membrane to release neurotransmitter inside the vesicles. Exocytosis of synaptic vesicles is followed by endocytosis to form vesicles and local recycling of the synaptic vesicles. The mechanisms for exocytosis and endocytosis represent one of the most exciting topics in neurobiology and cell biology. Vesicle fusion is thought to be mediated by SNARE proteins, and actin, clathrin and dynamin are believed to be essential for clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Exocytic fusion and endocytic fission can be resolved by high-resolution measurement of membrane capacitance of patch clamping techniques, since changes in membrane area by exocytosis and endocytosis lead to proportional changes in membrane capacitance. In his lab, we combine genetic and cell biological approaches with biophysical methods to investigate the mechanisms of exocytosis and endocytosis

Background According to the multiply memory of system, memory can be classified into explicit memory and implicit memory; According to the processing theory of memory: memory is divided into conceptual and perceptual processing. And component process framework indicated that different brain areas may process with specific memory components. But, at present only a tiny part of the neuropsychological studies of frontal components involved in memory. Method In this study, 25 patients with frontal lobe damage and 25 matched with the age, education of healthy control groups, two groups of patients were taken general cognitive function test, as well as explicit memory and implicit memory test. Result the frontal lobe injured group not only exists damage in background neuropsychology tasks, but the conceptual explicit memory and implicit memory are obvious damage, the performance of perceptual explicit memory and implicit memory in frontal lobe damage group has no obvious different with healthy controls. Conclusion The results indicated that frontal lobe characteristic to participate in the conceptual memory processing, and the present study take a neuropsychological verification to the component process model of memory.

Haleh tajadini, MD, PhD Traditonal Iranian medicine , shahid beheshti university of medical sciences, Tehran Iran, IranMedical Practice She have publication on "Comparing the long-term retention of a physiology course for medical students with the traditional and problem-based learning".

Background: Alzheimer Disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. In regards to the world’s aging population, control and treatment of AD will be one of the major concerns of global public health in the next century. Alzheimer Disease was not mentioned with the same phrase or its equivalent in traditional medical texts. Objective: The main of present paper is to compare symptoms of Alzheimer Disease with known diseases in ancient medical texts Material and Methods: In this qualitative study, reliable sources of Traditonal Iranian Medicine such as Al-Quanon fi- tibb, Molajat-E- aghili, Tib-E-Akbari, Exire E-Aazam and Sharh-E-Asbab and some reliable resources of neurology were probed base on keywords to find a disease that had the most overlap in terms of symptoms with Alzheimer Disease. By taking from the relevant materials, the extracted texts were compared and analyzed. Results: The findings showed that Alzheimer Disease has the most overlap with Nesyan( fisadezekr, fisadefekrandfisadetakhayol) symptoms in Traditonal Iranian Medicine. Although this is not a perfect overlap and there are causes, including coldness and dryness of the brain or coldness and wetness that could also lead to Alzheimer Disease according to Traditonal Iranian Medicine. Conclusions: Finding the equivalent disease to Alzheimer Disease based on Traditonal Iranian Medicine, could suggest a better way for treating and reducing complications in the future. In conclusion, the researchers can approach Alzheimer Disease with recommendations, for reducingNesyan.

Dr Harinder Jaseja has worked as Professor in Physiology in G R Medical College, India and is presently consultant to Vellore EEG Center, Gwalior, India. Ranked Second in Epilepsy Research in India, he has published novel guidelines for management of patients with cerebral palsy. He has also published pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation (PPNS) as a novel adjunctive therapy and an innovative strategy for selection of deep brain stimulation parameters (DBSPs) in patients with intractable epilepsy. He has filed patent applications separately for PPNS and DBSPs selection-mode. He has published more than 70 international papers and is member of several editorial boards.

Intractable epilepsy (IE) accounts for approximately 30% cases of epilepsy worldwide; however, its pathogenesis and management remain a challenge to neuroscientists even today. Electrical stimulation techniques like vagal nerve and deep brain stimulations have currently assumed significant role as adjunctive therapies. This presentation postulates pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) stimulation as an adjunctive therapy in IE; the technique is essentially based on the well documented potent antiepileptic influence of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, some researchers even claiming it to be the most potent anti-epileptic state in human sleep-wake cycle. The REM system is controlled by acetylcholine neurons (AChN) in the PPN, the stimulation of which is found to induce and enhance REM sleep. Rapid eye movement sleep is found to be reduced in several forms of IE leading to the belief in the author’s opinion that a linear relationship between reduction of REM sleep and the severity/degree of intractability in epilepsy might be existent. In West syndrome (WS) that is commonly associated with intractable seizures, reduction of REM sleep fraction is found to be a common feature; conversely, even the severe EEG abnormalities (hypsarrhythmia) in WS disappear during REM sleep. Furthermore, in autopsy examination of cases of West syndrome (WS), the number of AChN in PPN in particular have been found to be reduced with relative preservation of catecholaminergic neurons and GABAergic interneurons, suggesting a specific involvement of AChN in epileptogenesis. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone is believed to decrease intractable spasms in WS not only through hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal axis but also through a direct action on the pontine tegmentum probably via REM sleep; the anticonvulsant, lamotrigine, is also found to block alpha4beta2nAChRs-mediated currents. Therefore, in view of involvement of PPN-AChN in epileptogenesis, PPN stimulation is postulated for inducing and enhancing the genesis of REM sleep throughout the night sleep time that is composed mainly of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) fraction and during which the susceptibility to seizure generation and occurrence is known to be enhanced. Involvement and functioning of PPN in locomotion, gait and REM sleep have formed the basis of its stimulation as therapy in controlling gait impairment in Parkinson’s disease, and sleep disorders. Recently, the compact part of PPN has been validated as a potential and promising therapeutic target in IE by using retrograde tracing techniques of pseudorabies virus-614. Resultantly, a patent application of PPN stimulation in patients with IE has been filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office.

Ana Lucia Rodríguez Perea is a Bacteriology graduated from the University of Valle (Colombia); did her MSc degree in Biomedical Sciences at the University of Antioquia in 2011. Currently, she is doing her PhD in the same University and last years, she has been focusing on the role of Regulatory T cells in several contexts, such as stroke and asthma. She is studying the immunomodulatory effects of molecules such as statins and HDL that could up-regulate the frequency or function of these cells with potential uses in improving diseases where T cells responses are altered, as stroke and asthma.

Immunopathology of stroke is highly complex.Whereas is known that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are mediators of inflammation and neurological deficits, the role of Regulatory T cells (Treg) is still controversial. Previous evidences match in that later cells will have a deleterious role on acute stages of ischemia, by disrupt the microvascular homeostasis.But earlier reports suggested that in late stages havea neuroprotective effects. To evaluate the role of Treg in late stages of stroke, we injected an anti-CD25 antibody to reduce the level of Treg inwistar rats, two days later, the ischemia was induced transiently by occlusion of middle cerebral artery (tMCAO) during 60 minutes and evaluated 7 days post-reperfusion. Nine days after injection, a reduction of 67.5%and 63.8% in splenic CD4+CD25+ and FOXP3+CD25+ T cells were observed respectively, along with a less efficiency of reduction of CD4+FOXP3+ in spleen.Expression of FOXP3 in sorted splenic CD4+CD25+ cells was 34%, and only suppressed a 25% of the proliferation of CD4+CD25- through anex vivosuppression assays in control animals. tMCAO rats treated with anti-CD25 presented less neurological deficit and they did not develop cerebral tissue damage compared with the PBS-treated animals, which had a higher deficit and large infarcts at 7 days post-reperfusion. These findings suggest that anti-CD25 treatment in a tMCAOmodel in rats reducespreferentially a population of T cells with effector phenotype, more than a Treg population, leading to neuroprotection by suppression of the the pathogenic response of effector T cells.

Dr. Dong-Wha Kang graduated from Medical School, Seoul National University, and completed residency and fellowship in the department of Neurology at Seoul National University Hospital. He did post-doc fellowship in NIH, USA, and was a visiting professor at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital. Now He is a professor in the department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.

Although visual field defect (VFD) is a common sequele of brain damage, the rehabilitation for VFD is still very limited. We tried to evaluate the efficacy of novel approach, i.e. visual perceptual learning (VPL), for the treatment of VFD. We hypothesized that repeated visual stimuli on the blind visual field might induce VPL accompanied by the improvement of VFD. Chronic stroke patients with VFD were trained 36 times for 3 months (training group). Another chronic stroke patients with VFD underwent perimetry twice with 3-month interval without visual training (control group). In training group, VPL was induced in the majority of patients, and visual field scores from baseline to post-training significantly improved compared with control group. These data demonstrate that VPL occurs in the blind visual field in chronic stroke patients, which leads to visual field recovery.

Dr. Dong Kim is a neurosurgeon in Houston, Texas and is affiliated with Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center. He received his medical degree from University of California San Francisco School of Medicine and has been in practice for 25 years. Dr. Kim accepts several types of health insurance, listed below. He is one of 11 doctors at Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center who specialize in Neurological Surgery. He also speaks multiple languages, including Korean.

Objective: The present study was to investigate the actual experiences of driving accidents and penalties of the elderly drivers who took the CPAD (cognitive perceptual assessment for driving) test. Method: We attained the data for 168 elderly drivers including their CPAD scores, and incidents of traffic accidents and fines from the Road Traffic Authority and National Police Agency. Result: The mean age of the drivers was 70.25±4.1 and their mean CPAD scores was 52.75±4.72. The driver’s age was negatively related with CPAD score; that is, the older the driver, the lower the CPAD score (p<0.001), Gender difference was not shown in CPAD scores. The pass group of the test had experienced more traffic accidents (3.6%) compared to the group that did not pass the test (10.6%). However, incidence rates of traffic fines were not significantly different between the pass and non-pass groups. Conclusion: We demonstrated that the CPAD was a good tool for evaluating elderly drivers’ safe driving capabilities and screening age-related cognitive and perceptual deficits related to driving.

Gülsel Yurtdaş Kırımlıoğlu got her Msc on “Inclusion complexes with antifungal agents” in 2010. She had completed her PhD study “Nanosized drug delivery system interfering epileptic mechanism” in 2014. Since 2008 she has been working as a Research Assistant at the Department of Pharmaceutical Technology at Anadolu University. Her researches focuses on novel technologies to enhance drug delivery.

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), serves as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, has a central role in neural control. Inhibition of GABA synthesis, blockage of release or postsynaptic reaction were determined to provoke convulsions. Significant reductions in brain GABA concentration were seen in patients with different epileptic syndromes. Several new approaches are being developed in an attempt to increase the entry and persistence of antiepileptic agents in the brain. One of the main strategy is nanosized drug delivery systems for the treatment of epilepsy.Halloysite nanotubes (HNT) is natural aluminosilicate clay with hollow tubular structure which allows loading drugs inside nanotubes lumens. In this study, GABA was successfully incorporated into HNT depending on the most recent epilepsy theory related to GABA. Characterization, drug loading,in vitro release studies and cytotoxicity test were performed on HNTs. Anticonvulsant effect of drug loaded HNT system were evaluated using pentylenetetrazole induced epileptic rats for in vivostudies. The latency to myoclonic jerks and incidence of generalized tonic clonic seizures with loss of righting reflex were noted as seizure parameters.

Irina Deputathas completed her PhD at the ageof 30 yearsfrom Pomor State University (Russia).She is Head of the Laboratory of Applied psychophysiologyand associate professor in the Institute of Medical and Biological Research Northern (Arctic) Federal University. She has published more than 80 papers in journals.

Hemispheric asymmetry is one of the fundamental laws of the brain, however, age-related changes of relations between the hemispheres of the brain are not well understood. The study was conducted using a 12-channel complex "Neyroenergometr-KM" (Russia), 97 women 55-74 years old. Recorded level the DC- potential of the brain and analyzed the potential difference between the symmetrical areas of the brain. The DC- potential difference between the right and left frontal (Fd-Fs) and parietal (Pd-Ps) divisions showed the predominance of the left hemisphere. The DC-potential difference in the central (Cd-Cs) departments indicates the predominance of the right hemisphere, which may explain the variability of emotional tone in the elderly. In addition, the value of DC- potential in the left and right temporal leads (Td-Ts) were almost equal, indicating that the equality of women hemispheres in the study group and can be a sign of imbalance influences of regulatory systems and violations of adaptation functions of the brain. Smoothing interhemispheric differences probably reflect both involutional processes that reduce the specialization of the hemispheres, as well as changes in cerebral blood flow, which decrease with aging more significantly in the left hemisphere. Dispersion interhemispheric difference the DC- potential in temporal leads increases approximately twice elderly persons compared with the same index in adulthood.

Dr. Suman Dutta is a Research Associate, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata, West Bengal, IndiaResearch. Currently he is working in "Indian Institute of Chemical Biology". Previously he worked in Mahidol University, Hallym University, South Korea, University of Kalyani. He did his graduation from University of Calcutta.

From Subject Received Size Categories suman29oct@gmail.com Abstract has been Received from : Dr Suman Dutta 14-03-2015 18 KB Abstract