4^th International conference & Exhibition on Neurology and Therapeutics July 27-29, 2015 Rome, Italy

Mostafa Mohamed Magdy ia a Faculty of Medicine in the Neurology Department of Fayoum University, Egypt.

Background: Patients with epilepsy are at higher risk for atherosclerosis which may be due to the epilepsy itself and/or antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) use. This work aimed to detect the impact of epilepsy itself and the antiepileptic drugs on developing subclinical atherosclerotic changes and to correlate atherosclerosis in patients with epilepsy to clinical and laboratory data. Patients and Methods: Ninety patients with idiopathic epilepsy and 30 age, sex matched healthy controls subjected to neurological examination, extracranial carotid duplex, and measurement of lipid profile, uric acid and CRP levels. Results: The level of HDL was significantly lower in all patients with epilepsy and those treated with enzyme inducer antiepileptic drugs than the control subjects. Level of serum uric acid was statistically significantly higher in all patients with epilepsy including untreated patients and those treated with non enzyme inducer AEDs and polytherapy AEDs than control subjects. The mean common carotid artery intima media thickness (CCA IMT) was significantly higher in all patients with epilepsy including untreated and treated patients than control. There was a significant positive correlation between the CCA IMT and age of the patients, duration of illness and duration of the antiepileptic drugs. Conclusion: The epilepsy itself could result in subclinical atherosclerotic changes in the patients with epilepsy, which could be exacerbated by the antiepileptic drugs, particularly enzyme inducer drugs.

Irina Deputathas completed her PhD at the ageof 30 yearsfrom Pomor State University (Russia).She is Head of the Laboratory of Applied psychophysiologyand associate professor in the Institute of Medical and Biological Research Northern (Arctic) Federal University. She has published more than 80 papers in journals.rn

Hemispheric asymmetry is one of the fundamental laws of the brain, however, age-related changes of relations between the hemispheres of the brain are not well understood.rnThe study was conducted using a 12-channel complex \"Neyroenergometr-KM\" (Russia), 97 women 55-74 years old. Recorded level the DC- potential of the brain and analyzed the potential difference between the symmetrical areas of the brain.rnThe DC- potential difference between the right and left frontal (Fd-Fs) and parietal (Pd-Ps) divisions showed the predominance of the left hemisphere. The DC-potential difference in the central (Cd-Cs) departments indicates the predominance of the right hemisphere, which may explain the variability of emotional tone in the elderly. In addition, the value of DC- potential in the left and right temporal leads (Td-Ts) were almost equal, indicating that the equality of women hemispheres in the study group and can be a sign of imbalance influences of regulatory systems and violations of adaptation functions of the brain. Smoothing interhemispheric differences probably reflect both involutional processes that reduce the specialization of the hemispheres, as well as changes in cerebral blood flow, which decrease with aging more significantly in the left hemisphere. Dispersion interhemispheric difference the DC- potential in temporal leads increases approximately twice elderly persons compared with the same index in adulthood.

YuliyaDzhos has completed her PhD at the age of 28 years from Northern State Medical University (Russia). She is deputy director for scientific work and associate professor in the Institute of Medical and Biological Research Northern (Arctic) Federal University. She has published more than 80 papers in journals.

The genesis of learningdisability depends on the interaction of many factors. Perinatal pathology central nervous system occurs among 80% of children. Also hereditary predisposition plays an important role. Family deprivation, peculiarity upbringing, stress affect on psycho-emotional state of children and 42% of children have high level of anxiety. Personal characteristics, such as irritability, stereotype, alexithymia and other also lead to additional difficulties, especially in communication with teachers and peers. The impact of these factors leads to the development dysadaptationand changes in the functional maturation of the brain that determines cognitive development. Qualitative age adjustment in the functioning of the brain of the child in the early school years are characterized by significant individual differences in the rate of maturation of the cortex and regulatory systems that determine the specificity and efficiency of different activities. Neuropsychological diagnosis, electroencephalography (EEG) and analysis of the DC-potential allow estimatingpeculiarities of the formation of regulatory systems in the brain. The appearance of low-frequency EEG rhythms and reduction of energy consumption, especially in the frontal cortex on the background of higher cerebral energy metabolism of the brain as a whole indicates the relative immaturity of the brain structures. For the correction of learning disabilities among children of primary school age wehave used a comprehensive approach that includes medical therapy (courses of nootropics several times a year), combined with neuropsychological correction (method replaces ontogenesis) and family therapy.

Amira S. Hanafy has registered for her PhD thesis on CNS delivery of neurotherapeutics in Sep 2013 in Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt. She is an assistant lecturer at Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria (PUA). She is a referee in AAPS PharmSciTech journal. She had the opportunity to attend the IBRO-UNESCO Interregional School on computational neuroscience, 2012, India; organized by International Brain Research Organization (IBRO), and won a travel grant for this school. She was an organizer in the “Nanoscience and Nanotechnology at Glance” International Conference, Cairo-Alexandria, Egypt, 15-16 January 2009.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive dementia affecting the brains of elderly population, starting usually in hippocampus, and propagates to other regions. Compared to other routes, intranasal brain delivery of neurotherapeutics minimizes systemic side effects, facilitates self-administration, and enhances patient compliance. However, entrapment of neurotherapeutic cationic drugs into biodegradable cationic nanoparticles is challenging. Objective: This study aimed to investigate complexation as an approach to enhance the entrapment of galantamine hydrobromide (GH), a cationic drug, into chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) for AD management intranasally, and to examine the effect of complexation on CS-NPs physicochemical properties and uptake in rat brain. Methods: Placebo CS-NPs were prepared by ionic gelation, and the parameters affecting their physicochemical properties were screened. GH was complexed with chitosan, and the complexation was detected by the FT-IR study. GH/chitosan complex nanoparticles (GH-CX-NPs) were prepared by ionic gelation, and characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release, and stability. Rhodamine-labeled GH-CX-NPs were prepared, and their delivery to different brain regions was detected 1 h after intranasal administration to male Wistar rats; using fluorescence microscopy and software-aided image processing for quantitation of fluorescence intensity. Results: GH-CX-NPs had a diameter of 190 nm and a zeta potential of +31.6 mV. The encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity were 23.34% and 9.86%, respectively. GH/chitosan complexation prolonged drug release, improved formulation stability at 4 °C, and did not affect the physicochemical properties of the optimized placebo CS-NPs. Rhodamine-labeled GH-CX-NPs were clearly detected in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, orbitofrontal and parietal cortices; with a profound accumulation in the hippocampus specifically. Conclusion: Complexation is a promising approach to enhance the entrapment of cationic GH into the cationic CS-NPs. It has insignificant effect on the physicochemical properties of CS-NPs. GH-CX-NPs show potential as intranasal brain delivery system for AD management.

Hasan Basri Ulusoy is currently a student in the Department of Pharmacology of Erciyes University, Turkey

Since neurotoxicity of aluminium (Al) resembles the progressive neurodegeneration observed in Alzheimer Disease (AD),rnAl administration in several ways has been used to produce AD model. Intraperitoneal low dose Al injection in rats for longrnperiods is the preferred method by some researchers. We evaluated the efficiency of this method in producing an AD model.rnAluminium (4.2 mg/kg/day AlCl3) was administered intraperitoneally to female Wistar albino rats for 15 weeks. We lookedrnat the neuropathology of Al and the characteristic lesions (amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) of AD by histologicalrnand immunohistochemical techniques and measured oxidative stress markers (thiol level, xanthine oxidase activity, totalrnantioxidant status and total oxidant status) . We also evaluated spatial learning and memory function by the Morris water mazerntest. At the end of the study,there was no pathologic changes. According to the findings of the present study, intraperitonealrnadministration of low dose aluminium in rats is not sufficient to produce a good AD model. Higher doses (≥10 mg/kg) shouldrnbe used.